Responsibility for damages done by robots: The European Union experience

Issue 55, 2024

Olga Verbovaya, Gulmira Talapova, Saida Akimbekova, Zhana Salimbayeva, Aigul Ordabayeva

Received 04.08.2023, Revised 15.11.2023, Accepted 23.02.2024

https://doi.org/10.54919/physics/55.2024.179ge2

Abstract

Relevance Today, artificial intelligence is being actively implemented in many important areas of human activity, so any malfunction in the activities of the robot can lead to negative consequences, the liability for which remains a controversial issue.

Purpose. The research aims to investigate the grounds, types, and peculiarities of the application of liability for damage caused by a robot within the European Union (EU).

Methodology. The following methods were used: analysis and synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison, statistical analysis, formal-legal method and interdisciplinary approach.

Results\Conclusions. The methodological basis of the research was formal-logical, the method of system-structural analysis, and the method of generalization, which allowed to find out the concept and essence of artificial intelligence, robots, defects of artificial intelligence, responsibility for the work of automated mechanisms and machines; determine the content and elements of the legal status of robots; establish the main socio-legal principles of the creation and operation of robots; explore the legal basis for regulating the creation, implementation, and operation of robots within the EU; characterize the signs and types of liability for damage caused by robots; identify problems of liability for robotic activities; generalize approaches to the application of liability and methods of compensation for damage caused by robots in individual court cases; analyse the prospects for development of the law enforcement in the sphere of damage liability, caused by robots in the EU countries.

Keywords: automated machines; artificial intelligence; legal status; compensation mechanisms; functional algorithms

Suggested citation

Verbovaya O, Talapova G, Akimbekova S, Salimbayeva Z, Ordabayeva A. Responsibility for damages done by robots: The European Union experience. Sci Herald Uzhhorod Univ Ser Phys. 2024;(55):1792-1801. DOI: 10.54919/physics/55.2024.179ge2

Download article

References

  1. McAleenan P. Proceedings of the institution of civil engineers. Manag, Procur Law. 2020;173(4):166-174.
  2. Lima G, Grgic-Hlaca N, Cha M. Human perceptions on moral responsibility of AI: A case study in AI-assisted bail decision-making. In: Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1-17). New York: Association for Computing Machinery; 2021.
  3. Floridi L. The European legislation on AI: A brief analysis of its philosophical approach. Phil Tech. 2021;34(2):215-222.
  4. Bartneck C, Lutge C, Wagner A, Welsh S. Responsibility and liability in the case of AI systems. In: An introduction to ethics in robotics and AI (pp. 39-44). Cham: Springer; 2021.
  5. Santoni de Sio F, Mecacci G. Four responsibility gaps with artificial intelligence: Why they matter and how to address them. Phil Tech. 2021;34:1057-1084.
  6. Heiss S. Towards optimal liability for Artificial Intelligence: Lessons from the European Union’s proposals of 2020. Hasting Sci Tech Law J. 2021;12(2):186-224.
  7. European Parliament resolution of 4 July 2017 with recommendations to the Commission on common minimum standards of civil procedure in the European Union. 2017. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P8-TA-2017-0282+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&language=EN
  8. Civil law rules on robotics. 2017. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2016/571379/IPOL_STU(2016)571379_EN.pdf
  9. Council Directive of 25 July 1985 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States applicable to liability for defective products (85/374/EEC). 1985. http://surl.li/fcwwb
  10. European Parliament resolution of 16 February 2017 with recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics (2015/2103(INL)). 2017. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-8-2017-0051_EN.html
  11. Regulation EU 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC. 2016. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32016R0679&from=EN
  12. Mehta N, Devarakonda MV. Machine learning, natural language programming, and electronic health records: The next step in the artificial intelligence journey? J Allergy Clinic Immunol. 2018;141(6):2019-2021.e1.
  13. Gerke S, Minssen T, Cohen G. Ethical and legal challenges of artificial intelligence-driven healthcare. Artific Intell Healthcare. 2020;2020:295-336.
  14. De Costa Ⅲ FA. Intellectual property protection for Artificial Intelligence. Westlaw Journal Intellectual Property; 2017. https://www.finnegan.com/print/content/46173/Intellectual-Property-Protection-for-Artificial-Intelligence.pdf?q=
  15. Mychuryn EO. Legal nature of artificial intelligence. Law Forum. 2020;64(5):67-75.
  16. Kostenko OV, Kostenko VV. Legal responsibility and identification of subjects and objects with artificial intelligence (IOT). Legal Sci Electron J. 2020;1:158-162.
  17. Ziemianin K. Civil legal personality of artificial intelligence. Future or utopia? Internet Policy Rev. 2021;10(2). https://doi.org/10.14763/2021.2.1544
  18. Act of April 23, 1964 – Civil Code. 1964. https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=wdu19640160093
  19. Martin-Casals M. An approach to some EU initiatives on the regulation of liability for damage caused by AI-systems. Ius Prax. 2022;28:3-24.
  20. Christine Goodwin v. United Kingdom. ECHR. 2002. http://www.echr.coe.int/Eng/Judgments.html
  21. Case of S.W. V. The United Kingdom (Application no. 20166/92). 1995. https://opil.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law:ihrl/2596echr95.case.1/law-ihrl-2596echr95
  22. Tigard DW. Artificial moral responsibility: How we can and cannot hold machines responsible. Cambridge Quart Healthcare Ethic. 2021;30(3):435-447.
  23. Koch AB, Borghetti JS, Machnikowski P, Pichonnaz P, Rodriguez de las Heras Ballell T, Twigg-Flesner C, Wendehorst C. Response of the European Law institute to the public consultation on civil liability – Adapting liability rules to the digital age and Artificial Intelligence. J Euro Tort Law. 2022;13(1):25-63.
  24. Amidu MA, Ali M, Alkaabi AK, Addad Y. A critical assessment of nanoparticles enhanced phase change materials (NePCMs) for latent heat energy storage applications. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):7829.
  25. Bisenov KA, Uderbayev SS, Saktaganova NA. Optimization of the structure and process parameters of aerated concrete production with the use of oil sludge. Int J Pharm Tech. 2016;8(3):17733-17744.
  26. Henz P. Ethical and legal responsibility for Artificial Intelligence. Discov Artif Intell. 2021;1:2.
  27. Afgan I, Kahil Y, Benhamadouche S, Ali M, Alkaabi A, Sofiane Berrouk A, Sagaut P. Cross flow over two heated cylinders in tandem arrangements at subcritical Reynolds number using large eddy simulations. Int J Heat Fluid Flow. 2023;100:109115.
  28. Vishnu R, Selvakumar RD, Alkaabi AK, Vengadesan S. Active vortex generation and enhanced heat transfer in a 3D minichannel by Onsager–Wien effect. Appl Therm Eng. 2023;233:121064.
  29. Why wasn’t Uber charged in a fatal self-driving car crash? 2020. https://www.wired.com/story/why-not-uber-charged-fatal-self-driving-car-crash/
  30. Deepak Selvakumar R, Wu J, Ding Y, Alkaabi AK. Melting behavior of an organic phase change material in a square thermal energy storage capsule with an array of wire electrodes. Appl Therm Eng. 2023;228:120492.
  31. Big Brother Watch and Others V. The United Kingdom. 2022. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-140713%22]}
  32. Whittam S. Mind the compensation gap: Towards a new European regime addressing civil liability in the age of AI. Int J Law Info Tech. 2022;30(2):249-265.
  33. S. and Marper v. The United Kindgom. 2008. https://archive.crin.org/en/library/legal-database/s-and-marper-v-united-kingdom.html
  34. New code of conduct for artificial intelligence (AI) systems used by the NHS. 2019. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-code-of-conduct-for-artificial-intelligence-ai-systems-used-by-the-nhs
  35. Industrial strategy. Artificial intelligence sector deal. 2018. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/702810/180425_BEIS_AI_Sector_Deal__4_.pdf
  36. AI in the UK: ready, willing and able? 2018. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201719/ldselect/ldai/100/100.pdf
  37. Member States and Commission to work together to boost artificial intelligence “made in Europe”. 2018. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-18-6689_en.html
  38. Acohs Pty Ltd v. Ucorp Pty Ltd. 2012. http://www6.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/cth/FCAFC/2012/16.html
  39. Two courts of Google: victory in the UK and defeat in the EU. 2021. https://speka.media/google/dva-sudi-google-peremoga-u-velikii-britaniyi-ta-porazka-v-jes-jpn21p
  40. Ahmet Yildirim v. Turkey – 3111/10. Information Note on the Court’s case-law. 2012. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre#{%22itemid%22:[%22002-7328%22]}
  41. Tanaka M, Desai D, Fujiwara Y, Arataki S, Latka K, Sake N, Liang W, Kodama Y, Miyamoto Y, Yamauchi T. Effect of an Adjustable Hinged Carbon Fiber Operating Table on Sagittal Alignment of the Lumbar Spine. Appl Sci (Switz). 2023;13(1):138.
  42. Dolzhenko N. The development of a mathematical model of professional training of aviation personnel participated in ensuring flight safety. East-Eur J Enter Tech. 2023;4(4(124)):88-94.
  43. Rodrigues R. Legal and human rights issues of AI: Gaps, challenges and vulnerabilities. J Resp Tech. 2020;4:100005.
  44. Bondarenko I, Galich A. Resonant irregular hybrid structures. Mod Probl Radio Eng Telecommun Comp Sci Proceed 13th Int Conf TCSET. 2016;1:183-185.
  45. Fialko N, Dinzhos R, Sherenkovskii J, Meranova N, Aloshko S, Izvorska D, Korzhyk V, Lazarenko M, Mankus I, Nedbaievska L. Establishment of regularities of influence on the specific heat capacity and thermal diffusivity of polymer nanocomposites of a complex of defining parameters. East-Eur J Enter Tech. 2021;6(12(114)):6-12.
  46. Latka K, Kozlowska K, Waligora M, Kolodziej W, Latka D. Effect of DiscoGel treatment of the intervertebral disc at MRI. Clin Radiol. 2023;78(12):928-934.
  47. Bondarenko IN, Gorbenko ЕА. Forming the powerful microwave pulses using resonator storage. Telecommun Radio Eng (Eng transl Elektr Radiotekh). 2018;77(15):1311-1319.
  48. Abdibattayeva M, Bissenov K, Askarova G, Togyzbayeva N, Assanova G. Transport of Heavy Oil by Applying of Solar Energy. Environ Climate Tech. 2021;25(1):879-893.
  49. Tiago SC. Liability and artificial intelligence in the EU: Assessing the adequacy of the current product liability directive. Maastricht J Euro Compar Law. 2020;27(5):615-635.
  50. Gogoshin DL. Robot responsibility and moral community. Front Robot AI. 2021;8. https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2021.768092
  51. Schutte B, Majewski L, Havu K. Damages liability for harm caused by Artificial Intelligence – EU law in flux. Helsinki Legal Stud Res Paper. 2021;69:1-35.
  52. Veale M, Borgesius FZ. Demystifying the draft EU Artificial Intelligence act. Comp Law Rev Int. 2021;22(4):97-112.
  53. Ebers VSM, Hoch R, Rosenkranz F, Ruschemeier H, Steinrotter JB. The European Commission’s proposal for an Artificial Intelligence act – A critical assessment by members of the robotics and AI law society. RAILS. 2021;4(4):589-603.
  54. Jarota M. Artificial Intelligence and robotisation in the EU – Should we change OHS law? J Occupat Med Toxic. 2021;16:18.
  55. Fialko N, Dinzhos R, Sherenkovskii J, Meranova N, Prokopov V, Babak V, Korzhyk V, Izvorska D, Lazarenko M, Makhrovskyi V. Influence on the thermophysical properties of nanocomposites of the duration of mixing of components in the polymer melt. East-Eur J Enter Tech. 2022;2(5-116):25-30.
  56. Dolzhenko N, Mailyanova E, Toluev Y, Assilbekova I. Influence of system errors in meteorological support on flights safety. News Nat Acad Sci Repub Kaz Series Geo Tech Sci. 2020;5(443):1-89.
  57. Barlybayev A, Sankibayev A, Kadyr Y, Amangeldy N, Sabyrov T. Predicting Used-Vehicle Resale Value in Developing Markets: Application of Machine Learning Models to the Kazakhstan Car Market. Ing Syst Inf. 2023;28(5):1237-1246. 
Make a Submission

Indexing

info@physics.uz.ua